花椒园节肢动物群落特征与气象因子的关系

分析了云南永善县金沙江畔花椒园节肢动物群落特征与园内最低温度、平均温度、最高温度、最低湿度、平均湿度、最高湿度及月降雨量等7个气象因子的关系。结果表明:节肢动物群落个体数、物种数受最低湿度变化影响最大,表现为正相关的变化趋势;群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度指数变化与最高温度、最高湿度变化的关联度较大,表明节肢动物群落在相对较高的温、湿度环境下具有更高的群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度;优势集中性及优势度指数变化与最高温度、最低湿度变化的关联度较大,表明优势种类在高温或低湿环境下更易出现;稳定性S_s/S_i、S_n/S_p指数与平均湿度的关联度较大,表明适度的湿度变化范围更利于增强群落物种间数量上的制约作用。降雨量对群落特征的影响最小,在月均降雨量小于99.3 mm的3-6月、9月-翌年2月,节肢动物群落特征指标与降雨量成正相关关系,7、8月份月均降雨量大于164.5 mm,群落特征与降雨量表现为负相关性。综合分析表明,气象因子对节肢动物群落特征的影响较大,而温、湿度及降雨量的测量和分析较为方便,研究气象因子与节肢动物群落特征的关系,对了解节肢动物群落特征变化规律和主要害虫种群数量的发生规律具有实际意义。     

云南花椒园中昆虫群落特征的海拔间差异分析

分析了金沙江畔7个不同海拔区域花椒园中昆虫群落特征的动态变化及其与温、湿度变化的关系。结果表明:花椒园中昆虫群落的多样性、均匀度、丰富度、Ss/Si、Sn/Sp指标随海拔升高先增加后减少,而个体数、优势集中性指数则随海拔升高先减少后增加;低海拔(450—750 m)区域花椒园中由于总体温度高、湿度低,较高海拔(1300—1550 m)区域总体温度低、湿度高,均不利昆虫群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度、Ss/Si、Sn/Sp指标的提高和群落的稳定,而中等海拔(750—1300 m)区域的温度、湿度较为适中,昆虫群落的物种数及个体数量均相对较高,昆虫群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度、Ss/Si、Sn/Sp指标也较高,群落较稳定;相反,低海拔、较高海拔区域花椒园中昆虫群落优势集中性指数较高,而中等海拔区域却相对较低。综合分析表明,海拔高度及温湿度对花椒园昆虫群落特征影响较大,而海拔高度及温湿度的测量和分析较为方便。     

花椒籽黑色素提取和脱蛋白技术研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验优化了花椒籽黑色素的浸提工艺,并用蛋白酶酶解-Sevag法联用脱除花椒籽黑色素中的蛋白.结果表明:影响花椒籽黑色素提取效果的因素依次为温度>NaOH浓度>料液比,花椒籽黑色素提取的优化工艺参数为NaOH浓度为1.20 mol/L,料液比为1∶24.64,温度为70℃下提取2 h,共2次,所得花椒籽色素粗品为棕黑色无定型粉末,得率为6.1%,色价为201.62,蛋白质含量为44.83%~48.63%.碱性蛋白酶脱蛋白条件为温度50℃,pH 9,加酶量为粗色素溶液(浓度为1 mg/mL)体积的6%,再用Sevag法处理3次,蛋白质脱除率可达81.23%,花椒籽黑色素色价可提高1.5倍.     

High population differentiation and unusual haplotype structure in a shade-intolerant pioneer tree species, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides (Rutaceae) revealed by analysis of DNA polymorphism at four nuclear loci

Differences in demographic history, life-history traits, and breeding systems affect nucleotide variation patterns. It is expected that shade-intolerant pioneer tree species have different patterns of genetic polymorphism and population structure than climax species. We studied patterns of nucleotide polymorphism at four putative starch pathway loci (agpSA, agpSB, agpL, and GBSSI) in Zanthoxylum ailanthoides , a shade-intolerant pioneer tree species that occupies forest gaps in warm-temperate forests of East Asia. Genetic diversity was lower within each population than among populations, and differentiation among populations was high across the loci ( F _ST = 0.32–0.64), as expected from the insect-pollinated breeding system and the metapopulation structure of this pioneer species. Numbers of haplotypes were smaller than those expected from the observed numbers of segregating sites. Single haplotypes accounted for more than 47% of all the sampled genes at the respective loci. These variation patterns were incompatible with neutral predictions for populations of a finite island model. Complex population dynamics, such as bottleneck and/or admixture, in the history of this pioneer tree species might have resulted in the observed patterns of genetic variation and population structure, which are different from those of climax wind-pollinated tree species, such as conifers. In contrast to the other loci investigated in this study, agpL showed nearly no variation in Z. ailanthoides (one singleton only), but there was some extent of variation in a closely related species, Zanthoxylum schinifolium . This suggests possibly a recent selective sweep at or near the locus in Z. ailanthoides .     

花椒资源与开发利用现状调查

本文介绍了我国重点产区的花椒资源与开发利用现状。     

Leaf epidermal morphology of Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) from China

Leaf epidermis characters in 40 of ca. 250 species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata are anomocytic and exist only on the abaxial epidermis except in Z. nitidum, which also has stomata on the adaxial surface. The epidermal cells are usually polygonal or irregular in shape, with anticlinal walls straight, arched, repand, or sinuous. Under the SEM, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim is nearly smooth, sinuolate or erose, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis is smooth, striate, or sometimes striate to wrinkled. These data of leaf epidermis of Zanthoxylum demonstrated that there exist many common characters between subgen. Fagara and subgen. Zanthoxylum, sug-gesting a close relationship between the two subgenera. The utility of some characters in identifying some species of Zanthoxylum was also discussed.     

滑叶花椒的生物碱研究

从芸香科滑叶花椒(Zanthoxylum laetum Drake)的根部分离出三种生物碱。经紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振和质谱鉴定,分别为:(Ⅰ)去甲基白屈菜红碱(N-Desmethyl chelerythrine),(Ⅱ)氧化两面针碱(Oxynitidine)及(Ⅲ)氯化两面针碱(Nitidine chloride)。     

刺异叶花椒的化学成分研究

从芸香科花椒属植物刺异叶花椒(Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum var. spinifolium)中分得五个已知的化合物,其中四个为生物碱:氧化勒(木党)碱(oxyavicine)(Ⅰ);铁屎米酮(canthin-6-one)(Ⅱ);乙氧基白屈菜红碱(ethoxychelerythrine)(Ⅲ);勒(木党)碱(avicine)(Ⅳ);另一化合物为β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)(Ⅴ)。     

Protectability of nine Nigerian medicinal plants against cowpea beetle,Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchiidae) in storage

A study was conducted to examine the protectability of nine Nigerian medicinal plants against Callosobruchus maculatus at an ambient temperature of 28?±?2?°C and relative humidity of 70?±?5%. The nine plants used were dried and milled into fine powder before application. Among the nine plant powders used, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides effected highest mortality rate of 73.40 and 100% at 5% (wt/wt) concentration within two and three days of application, respectively. The effect of this plant at this level of concentration was significantly (p?<?0.05) different from other plants. However, all the plant powders effected high mortality rate as they all achieved more than 50% beetle mortality within four days of application at 20% (wt/wt) concentration. Only the powder of Z. zanthoxyloides at 10% (wt/wt) concentration was able to achieve 0% adult emergence, 0% seed damage and 100% damage reduction. Moreover, powder of Z. zanthoxyloides, Aristolochia ringens and Colocasia esculenta at 20% (wt/wt) was also able to prevent the emergence of adult C. maculatus, prevent seed damage and achieve 100% damage reduction. All the powders had low weevil perforation index when compared to the control which had above 50% weevil perforation index. At all levels of concentration, the effect of the powders was significantly (p?<?0.05) different from the control. However, Z. xanthoxyloides appeared to be the most effective; therefore, the effective utilisation of Z. xanthoxyloides as a botanical pesticide could minimise the use of hazardous chemicals in stored product pest control since it is of a botanical source.